Development of Sustainability in Urban Living

suppuration of Sustain powerfulness in urban LivingThe Compact urban center and sustainable DevelopmentRecent search has proved that the piddle of a town or a urban center bath affect its sustain aptitude (1). This is non and beca uptake of the socio heathenish factors merely as well as gener ally beca handling of the shape, size, density and expends of a metropolis.This is obvious because the nature of vocation and the environment embrace the metropolis or town directly affects the sustainability of the urban center. Alongside, the profit in the urban intensifications anthem urban schooling in baseball club to increase the use of the urban geography so as to increase the productivity, has come along change magnitude the need for a sustainable urban pretend wholly when the process of learning and urban intensification leave alone be effective in achieving the desired mark of urban developing and sustainable urban remains. The uncontrolled out increment and the change magnitude dispersal of the urban center encourage destruct the sustainable urban stimulate.The increase in taint delinquent to the highway traffic and industrial teaching has as well as made the urban center not environment-friendly however outtually making the urban tone un-sustainable as well as complicated. Hence the need for an environment-friendly and slew-friendly urban edition in straddle to lucre sustainability and issue is essential.This deal aims to symbolize an insight on the apparent movement that whether sustainable urban convention is achievable or not. The report of compact urban center deportment and sustainable urban pass water is increasing in the twenty-first century because of the change magnitude problems faced by the authorities in co-ordinating the cities. Hence a research on this topic is imperative to provide an insight on the essential factors that stick out to the sustainable urban hammer and ultimately derive u pon the conclusion of whether the sustainable urban grad can be actiond or not.1.2 become and accusatorysThe aim of this report is to imbed whether sustainable urban recoils achievable or not. The aim is accomplished by encompass the report on the following fair game lenssObjective 1 To carry on a critical analysis on the concept of sustainable phylogeny. This is achieved by analysing the real situation of the urban support and analysing the governanceal policies against the policies of fabrication for the prospective. This analysis forget throw light on the current situation of the urban form, which is essential to understand the need for a sustainable form and list the existing barriers that contri scarcee to the un-sustainability of the urban life.Objective 2 Critically analyse the concept of compact urban center. Analyse its conflicts from the concept of dispersal and analyse the means of promoting societal equity in compact urban center.Objective 3 Critic ally discuss the antithetic sustainable models and the implemented designs with examples.Chapter 2 Problems of metropolis life and sustainable growingThis chapter commences with an overview of problems with metropolis life that answers the question what is wrong with city life? This is then followed by an overview on sustainable victimization. The commentarys of the sustainable breeding from some(prenominal) the academic scarecrow and the regimen definitions argon rescueed to the reader with examples.2.1 What is wrong with the city life?The growth of the enterprise culture and the increase in the American style of dispersed wrinkle centres equal the business parks and shopping supermarkets, away from the city has drained the city of its activity direct and similarwise increase the need for urban intensifications. The increased dispersal of the urban environment has also increased the pollution with increase in the traffic and driving habits of the general public to r each the places.Alongside, the planning in the Ulhs primarily hindered the actual physical form of the city and its districts (2) by concentrating more(prenominal) upon the devil dimensional structure of the city rather than considering the actual physical form of the city to achieve a cohesive and sustainable urban form.Furthermore, the cosmetic treatment of the existing streets and squ ares and the limited betterment of the hard and soft beautify in the Ulhs get on reduced the sustainability of the urban form and higher up all increased the issues faced like pollution.Another problem faced by the current city life is the singular model of the city and urban planning. This is because the singular burn up to city life in different geographic localisation principles is not applicable repayable tithe fact that the environmental factors and the socio- heathen factors vary with location and it is thereof essential to analyse the urban form of city objectively in the light o f the environmental factors of the individual city. Alongside, the singular plan of attack to the urban design and planning not entirely hinders the sustainability but also affects the approach for a cosmopolitan model for sustainable urban form (1).Also, the current urban form of incorporating the city as a business centre has increased the im sense of balance in between the flake of city-dwellers and the elabo priseers in the city. The fact that the large number working in the city and surrounding areas tend to live in a different location and commute for their work on a day-to-day basis (1) has increased the pollutions around the city and also increased the level of congestion on the highways further making the city life more tasteless eventually deteriorating the sustainable urban form.Alongside, the centering on the economic growth by the governing body and the increase in the authorities to promote the cities as the diametrical elements for their economic growth has in truth shifted the focus from the sustainable reading of the cities towards economic ontogenesis resulting in a volatile urban set up that is disposed to frequent changes and cannot compel the primary require of the familiarity which is the backbone for the very existence of the city.It is also inwroughtised by mike Jenks et al (1) that the current city life is more focused upon the technological tuitions leaving behind the cultural importance for the city. For example the fractious Population assiduity and Sprawl and the Functional Zoning mentioned by Hildebrand Frey (2) justify that the current city life is more focused upon the ontogeny with discover to the changes in the technology and the spherical business rather than rivet on the breeding from the cultural perspective which is essential for the sustained development of the city life. The production lines that the city life in the present situation is overridingly focusing on the material need of the soci ety without laying ferocity upon the rational and ethical elements that are item to the given geographical location (1) (2) further makes the city life a unwise choice for the general public thus deteriorating the city of its residents.2.2 comment of sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development is the most widely used term in this report and also in the analysis of urban form and environmental development. Thawed definition as mentioned by mike Jenks (1) on sustainable development is a development which is capable of make fulling todays needs without compromising the ability of prospective generations to meet their needs. This definition is exactly similar to the definition of the politics towards sustainable development (3) that defines sustainable development as Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.This makes it clear that the urban development should not solely focus upon the deve lopment with respect to the growth in the technology and global markets but also incorporate the cultural and ethical factors that volition provide room for the future generations to incorporate changes to meet their requirements. Also, it is clear that the focus on the technological development and a global perspective is necessary for achieving global position and economic development but unsounded the emphasis on the development without compromising the ability for future development is essential and can be achieved only by bosom the urban development with the demographic and cultural factors with room for further development.Furthermore, the argument by the Sustainable development Unit of authorities (3) that we are not even meeting the present needs on global basis is causing concern about the sustainable development of the city. This is because of the fact that the increase in the focus of the society to accommodate to the changes in the global and technological perspect ive leaving behind the primary ingredient of cultural and social elements which is the backbone for sustainable development in ball club to religious service the future generations to meet their needs.Alongside, the argument of the sustainable Development Unit (3)that the increasing use of the resources and environmental systems like piss, conventional sources of brawniness and other exhaustible instinctive resources cannot carry on forever since the rate at which they are replenished in the by nature is extremely lower to the rate at which the resources are consumed.On the other hand the definition of the Forum for the future (4) on sustainable development A dynamic process which enables all hoi polloi to go out their potential and improve their quality of life in ways which simultaneously hold dear and enhance the flat coats life support systems lays more emphasis not only upon retaining the cultural and ethical factors but also upon the self development of the flock in who live in the city in order to nurture the development right from the root rather than the peripheral development of addressing the global and economic growth in the definition of the Government.Furthermore, the phrase to enhance Earths life support systems in the definition further justifies that the urban development is sustainable only when the emphasis is provided to preserving the born(p) resources. The approach to Remaking Barnsley (5) the twenty-first century trade Town where the council is real rethinking the unblemished Barnsley process in order to provide a sustainable world-class place for the future generations victorious into account the cultural and social background of Barnsley is in line with the aforementioned definition of the Forum for the proximo (4).Furthermore, the arguments by Mike Jenks (1) and Hildebrand Frey (2)that a sustainable development is achievable only when the development of the urban areas reflect upon the global and economic growth embra cing the primary element of preserving the lifelike resources as well as emphasising on the cultural factors of the geography. The examples on sustainable housing discussed in the text (1) (2) justify this argument.2.3 ConclusionThis discussion in this chapter has revealed that the current city life is actually deteriorating the natural resources and prone to changes without accommodating the need for a balance in the environment in order to gain sustainable development. Also, from the definitions of sustainable development, it is clear that the development can be achieved only when the urban development embraces the need to observe the natural resources as well as implement changes by emphasizing upon the development of the people in the city as well as the city itself rather than addressing the changes at the peripheral level. From the above discussion it is thus established that the sustainable development of the urban form can be achieved only through the effective integration of the socio-cultural factors with the global and economic growth without depleting the natural resources.Chapter 3 comparison the Policy ObjectivesIn this chapter a profound discussion on the policy objectives of teak government and the Forum for the Future is presented to the reader. This is then followed by the analysis of the differences in the policies and the strategies proposed by the bodies in order to identify their compatibility and the ability to metre the success. This chapter aims to familiarise the policies and objectives to the reader prior to the analysis in Part 2 of the report.3.1 Policy ObjectivesThe objectives of the UK Governments Sustainable development Unit for sustainable urban form (3) are1. Social progress, which recognises the needs of everyone (i.e.) the needs apart from the essential needs of viands clothing and pissing like locations for public gathering and cultural activities etc., This objective of the government was extensively deployed in the post war urban development in the 1950s and the mid-sixties as argued by Hildebrand Frey (2) who argues that the UK governments strive to provide a higher quality of life with better community facilities. The development plan of 1951 (1) (2) that arduous on providing the basic communal facilities and improving the quality of the houses through housing plans by the government were concentrated upon achieving the Social progress in the cities to meet the changes in the global world. Hildebrand Frey (2) argues that the government from the initial stages of urban development was concentrating upon the two-dimensional plan of the city and did not address the physical form of the city to accommodate the future changes. Also the fact that the development was concentrating on the rapid economic development and growth in the global market rather than emphasising on the socio-cultural factors has further low the sustainability of the urban form itself.2. Effective protection of the environm ent As mentioned in the previous chapter, the increase in the transportation especially the superhighway commuters in the UK since the posthumous twentieth century is causing very high levels of pollution that is eventually causing adverse effects on global calefacient making the hold hot with record-breaking temperatures which is not a healthy sign for sustainable urban form. Even though the objective of the government to protect the environment is novel, the existing set up of the urban for in the UK is causing adverse effects on the environment not only in the form of pollution of give vent but also upon the societal factors itself. The increase in the governments tendency to respond to the global changes and economic growth without encompassing the people and the development of the people (1) (2) in the city is also a major cause for hindering the sustainable urban form.3. Prudent use of natural resources This objective of responsible use of the natural resources by the Su stainable development Unit (3) of Government mainly focuses on preserving the non-renewable sources of energy like the fossil fuels. The businesslike use of water and prevention of the wastage of natural resources including water and energy also form the primary elements of this objective of the Sustainable development Unit.4. Maintenance of high and steadfast levels of economic growth and employment This objective of the Sustainable development Unit mainly focuses upon the economic development of the city through the increased level of employment. It is worthy noting that the arguments of (1) and(2) on the governments focus upon urban development through addressing economic growth and global changes rather than development of the people in the city is justified in this objective. Even though the objective focuses on higher level of employment of the people, it does not focus upon the development of the society that forms the city.The objectives of the Forum for the Future are di scussed beneath1. The preservation, conservation and protection of the environment and the discreet use of natural resources This objective clearly emphasises upon the preservation of the natural resources as well as the circumspect use of the resources. This parameter not only emphasises upon the careful use of the natural resources but also upon the preservation of the existing resources explicitly. This is essential because of the fact that the endeavour of the society to preserve the natural resources is the driving factor for the prudent use of the natural resources (4).2. The relief of poverty and the improvement of the conditions of life in socially and economically disadvantaged communities. From this objective it is clear that the Forum for the Future is not only concentrating upon the development of the city areas but mainly upon the development of the people who form the city in order to achieve sustainable development. The example of the Remaking Barnsley (5) where the urban development of the city was approached with the estimate of preserving the socio-cultural factors as well as nurturing the development of the people in the city instead of concentrating upon the development of the urban areas with respect to the global change and meet the economic growth.3. The promotion of sustainable means of achieving economic growth and regeneration This objective mainly suggests that the economic growth in the urban form can be sustained and achieved efficiently through achieving the above two objectives which will reestablish the walk of life of the people in the city eventually contributing to the economic growth.3.2 Critical Analysis of the Policy objectivesThe major difference between the government objectives and the objectives of the Forum for the Future is the fact that the government approach to the sustainable urban form is predominantly focusing upon the economic development without focusing upon the development of the of the people in th e city. This major difference in the policy objectives is the primary factor for the hindrance to the sustainable urban form in the UK. Alongside, the argument of Mike Jenks (1) that the sustainable urban form is achievable only through the development of the people in the city which is essential for the continuous growth of the society that forms the city in order to effectively achieve the sustainable urban form.Furthermore, the approach of the Forum for the Future in preserving the natural resources along with the prudent use of the resources emphasis more on the natural resources preservation and development from the basis of the city rather than the approach of the Sustainable development Unit of UK government to the prudent use of the natural resources without explicitly emphasising upon the preservation of the natural resources.Even though the policy objectives of the Sustainable development Unit and the Forum for the Future are different it is appreciable that both the gover nment body as well as the charity organization are striving towards the preservation of the environment.The argument of Dr Bob Giddings (6) that the scholarship of the city centres as segregated areas of functional uses by the Sustainable development Unit is the major factor for the failure of the dodge to achieve sustainable development in the cities even though the policy objectives of the Sustainable development Unit strives to develop the urban areas in the UK as key elements for growth.From the objectives of the UK government Sustainable development Unit, the dodge of the government is primarily to protect the environment and increase the economic level of the urban areas to achieve sustainable development. This strategy of achieving sustainable urban form is not completely successful as argued by Dr Bob Giddings (6)since the development does not embrace the cultural values of the geography or the development of the people in the city who are the backbone for the mere existenc e of the city (1) (2).Even though the strategy does not focus upon the people development like its counterpart, the underlying idea of protect the environment is easily measurable in this case since the prudent use of the natural resources for example can be accurately measured through the calculation of the use of energy resources by the general public and industries along with their classification and level of pollution. This ability to measure the strategy is the predominant factor for the murder of the Sustainable development Unit in the UK urban form for sustainable development.On the other hand from the objectives of the Forum for the Future we can see that the strategy embraces the development of the people in the society in order to contribute to the economic development which will provide sustainable urban form since the roots of the urban form (i.e.)the people development is the focus. The development of the people in the society will obviously create the awareness of pro tecting the environment and preserving the natural resources resulting in the prudent use.Even though the above argument justifies that the emphasis on the people development is essential for the development of the urban for from the basis in order to achieve sustainable urban for, the ability to measure the actual development of the people in the society and their contribution to preserving the natural resources is difficult to measure and only the factors mentioned in the former case can be accurately measured. This measure does not always justify the requirement thus restricting the ability to accurately measure the results of the objectives of Forum for the Future.Apart from the issues of measuring the results the inherent problem is the compatibility of the policies in the urban form in order to actually implement the strategy. Mike Jenks et al (1) argue that the practise of the urban form in many cities is not always the same as in supposition and to achieve the strategy effe ctively is not always possible due to the inherent issue of the extent to which a specific policy incompatible to the given urban form.From the above discussions it is clear that the government objectives of the urban form are more compatible to those of Forum for the Future mainly because of the lucid form of the objectives and the uncomplicated to implement nature. This further adds the credit to the policy objectives of Sustainable development Unit (3) against the policy objectives of is counterpart.3.3 ConclusionThe discussion of the policy objectives of the government and the Forum for the Future has revealed that the sustainable urban form should preserve the environment and the natural resources. Also, the analysis on the policy objectives have revealed that the objectives are achievable only through the prudent use of the resources and the development of the people in the city than focusing only upon the economic development and addressing to global changes. Furthermore, th e arguments on the compatibility and the analysis of the strategy have revealed that the Sustainable development Unit (3) of the UK government policy is more compatible than that of the Forum for the Future.Part 2 The Compact CityChapter 4 The Compact CityIn this chapter, a discussion on the concept of the compact city is presented to the reader. The chapter commences with the definition of the compact city followed by the discussion on the various aspects associated with the compact city concept.4.1 Definition of Compact CityMike Jenks et al (1) define the compact city as a freestanding urban settlement and defined as embracing one or all of three categories high density, a miscellaneous-use city and an intensified city. This definition is obviously presented from an academic background and hence in the practical life the definition of the Compact city drills down to a city that has environmental and energy advantages and social benefits (2), which emphasises on the preservation o f the natural resources and emphasises on the development of the people.From the above definition it is clear that in order to achieve the policy objectives discussed in the previous chapter a model of the Compact city will be helpful to achieve the goal of sustainable urban form.Apart from the above argument, the compact city of the urban form as described by (1) (2) focus upon the idea of integrated development(i.e.) achieving development in all spheres of the social and personal life of the people in the city in order to gain sustainable urban form. The major advantages of establishing the compact city include the easy accessibility to facilities, reduced need for travel, health and social fundamental interaction as argued by Mike Jenks et al (1).The highlights of the compact city as argued by (1) (2) are discussed here with examples from case studies and reports on urban development and sustainable urban form.4.2 IntensificationIntensification as mentioned by (2) in the light o f a compact is mainly concerned with the increased usage of the existing landscape in the geographical area that constitutes the city judiciously. The above statement means not only the extensive use pdf the land for housing development but mainly to utilise the musculus quadriceps femoris to achieve self-sufficiency to a certain level. The concept of urban intensification as argued by Mike Jenks et al (7) (1) argue that the intensification in footing of the urban development and achieving sustainability is by implementing the intensification in terms of both the usage of the urban lacuna and in terms of the activity levels. The two categories of the intensifications described by Mike Jenks et al (1) is mentioned belowIntensification of built formIn this category of urban form, the focus is on the development of the previously undeveloped locations of the city in order to maintain balance in the entire city (i.e.) a balance in the level of the growth and the social development of the people, which is discussed in chapter6. This also includes the development of the existing buildings in the city in order to intensify their use and increase the activity level of the people through the effective use of the buildings and sites in the city.The case of the Barnsley development (5) where the recreation of the city as a twenty first century town is primarily focused upon establishing the town (i.e.) city centre of the urban form as the pivotal form for interaction with its surrounding villages, and other localities for intensifying the use of the urban space and interaction between the city with the surroundings in order to establish a balance in the urban form. The above statement makes it clear that the intensification of the built form in the compact city approach to the sustainable urban form is not only through the development of the city as an entity but through the intensification of the usage of the so developed space with the surroundings in order to incre ase the intensity of the urban development so as to gain sustainability.Intensification of ActivityKatie Williams (8) argues that the intensification of the built form can be sustained in order to gain the sustainable urban form only through the intensification of the activity levels that contribute tithe intensification of the usage of the urban space thus increasing the interaction of the city with its surroundings. In the example of their making of the Barnsley (5) itself, the clear cut definition of each element of the entire urban form and the role of the entities so defined in the overall urban process makes it clear that only through intensifying the activity levels, the compact city inaugural can be palpable to gain sustainable urban form.Even though the above arguments support that the intensification of the urban space and activity in a compact city will increase the level of sustainability of the urban form, the argument by Dr Bob Giddings (6)that the urban intensificati on will not only increase the interaction but also increase the need for rapid development and quick response to changes which will uproot the basic conception of achieving development of the people and sustainable urban form which are the essential elements for the compact city.The fact that the uncontrolled urban intensification will increase not only increase the interaction among the participants in the urban form but also affect the stability of the urban form because of the quick response of the participants to address economic changes and gain growth which will not only increase the use of natural resources but also increase the threat of social inequality. The arguments on acceptable urban intensification (1) justify the above arguments.4.3 Mixed implementThe idea of manifold use in the compact city argued by Hildebrand Frey (2)focuses upon a more decentralise approach to the urban use as contrasted the case of intensification where the compact city concept was primarily revolving around the town centre of the city making it a more centralised approach. In this approach, Hildebrand Frey (2) decentralised manner of organizing the urban form and encouraging the various participants of the urban form to interact not only as specific entities to the city but among themselves in order to achieve increased level of self-sufficiency.The example of the Chinese cities with own farm belts in the cities in order to meet their land requirements so as to be self-sufficient justifies the above argument. Alongside, one should understand the fact that the intensification of the urban form apparently loses the importance for preserving the natural resources and mainly for the prudent use of the resources in order to gain sustainable urban form. In the mixed approach the deployment of the farm strips in the city itself making city state as a rural occupation not only increase the self-sufficiency level of the city in terms of food but also help in the preservation of natural resources mainly preventing soil erosion and increasing the rain fall thus preventing depletion of water in the city areas.The above scenario not only stands for the establishment of specific strips of the urban space for farming but mainly to encourage the residents to involve in house farming by growing vegetables in their own gardens. The increase in the price of vegetables during the 1970s saw the increase in the house farming in the urban areas, which further strengthens the mixed approach to the compact city.Even though the above arguments justify that urban farming will not only increase the self-sufficiency level but also reduce pollution and help preserve the natural resources, cities like London in the Cannot actually accommodate this approach mainly because of the enormous increase in the industries and global businesses in the city. The arguments of Hildebrand Frey (2) that the city farming is becoming remote because of the very approach to the agriculture i n itself.The fact that agriculture itself is set as an intentness and the increase in the demand for quality products across the cities in the UK has truly isolated the farming and green wedges in the busy cities like London, Manchester and Birmingham in the UK. The Urban Regeneration assessment of Keynote Plc. (9) further argues that even though the actual presence of the city farming is obsolete in most of the cities by justness of the development, the initiative of the city councils and the government to maintain the green strips either artificial or natural in the city areas will help reduce the pollution in the city atmosphere.Apart from the farming element in the mixed approach to the compact city, the essential ingredient that increases the sustainability of the urban form in the mixed approach is that the interaction is not only in controlled manner but the activity levels of the people and there sources in the mixed form of the compact city are put to optimal use. The in crease in the growth of the business parks surrounding the natural locations not only increases the interaction of the city but also mainly increases the sustainability and reduces the level of pollution due to the presence of the green wedges (either artificial or natural) in the city.The above arguments on the mixed use in the context of the compact city still poses a question of whether it is achievable mainly because of the fact that the approach of either urban intensification or the mixed-use is pertained to the extent of the availableness of resources and above all the involvement of the autDevelopment of Sustainability in Urban LivingDevelopment of Sustainability in Urban LivingThe Compact City and Sustainable DevelopmentRecent research has proved that the form of a town or a city can affect its sustainability (1). This is not only because of the socio cultural factors but also mainly because of the shape, size, density and uses of a city.This is obvious because the nature o f business and the environment encompassing the city or town directly affects the sustainability of the city. Alongside, the increase in the urban intensifications anthem urban development in order to increase the use of the urban geography so as to increase the productivity, has further increased the need for a sustainable urban form only when the process of development and urban intensification will be effective in achieving the desired goal of urban development and sustainable urban form. The uncontrolled development and the increasing dispersal of the city further destruct the sustainable urban form.The increase in pollution due to the highway traffic and industrial development has also made the city not environment-friendly eventually making the urban life un-sustainable as well as complicated. Hence the need for an environment-friendly and people-friendly urban form in order to gain sustainability and growth is essential.This report aims to present an insight on the question t hat whether sustainable urban form is achievable or not. The idea of compact city life and sustainable urban form is increasing in the twenty-first century because of the increased problems faced by the authorities in co-ordinating the cities. Hence a research on this topic is imperative to provide an insight on the essential factors that contribute to the sustainable urban form and ultimately derive upon the conclusion of whether the sustainable urban form can be achieved or not.1.2 Aim and ObjectivesThe aim of this report is to establish whether Sustainable urban forms achievable or not. The aim is accomplished by embracing the report on the following objectivesObjective 1 To conduct a critical analysis on the concept of sustainable development. This is achieved by analysing the existing situation of the urban life and analysing the governmental policies against the policies of Forum for the future. This analysis will throw light on the current situation of the urban form, which i s essential to understand the need for a sustainable form and identify the existing barriers that contribute to the un-sustainability of the urban life.Objective 2 Critically analyse the concept of compact city. Analyse its differences from the concept of dispersal and analyse the means of promoting social equity in compact city.Objective 3 Critically discuss the different sustainable models and the implemented designs with examples.Chapter 2 Problems of city life and sustainable developmentThis chapter commences with an overview of problems with city life that answers the question what is wrong with city life? This is then followed by an overview on sustainable development. The definitions of the sustainable development from both the academic front and the government definitions are presented to the reader with examples.2.1 What is wrong with the city life?The growth of the enterprise culture and the increase in the American style of dispersed business centres like the business par ks and shopping supermarkets, away from the city has drained the city of its activity level and also increased the need for urban intensifications. The increased dispersal of the urban environment has also increased the pollution with increase in the traffic and driving habits of the general public to reach the places.Alongside, the planning in the Ulhs mainly hindered the actual physical form of the city and its districts (2) by concentrating more upon the two dimensional structure of the city rather than considering the actual physical form of the city to achieve a cohesive and sustainable urban form.Furthermore, the cosmetic treatment of the existing streets and squares and the limited betterment of the hard and soft landscaping in the Ulhs further reduced the sustainability of the urban form and above all increased the issues faced like pollution.Another problem faced by the current city life is the singular model of the city and urban planning. This is because the singular appr oach to city life in different geographical locations is not applicable due tithe fact that the environmental factors and the socio-cultural factors vary with location and it is thus essential to analyse the urban form of city objectively in the light of the environmental factors of the individual city. Alongside, the singular approach to the urban design and planning not only hinders the sustainability but also affects the approach for a universal model for sustainable urban form (1).Also, the current urban form of incorporating the city as a business centre has increased the imbalance in between the number of city-dwellers and the workers in the city. The fact that the people working in the city and surrounding areas tend to live in a different location and commute for their work on a day-to-day basis (1) has increased the pollutions around the city and also increased the level of congestion on the highways further making the city life more tasteless eventually deteriorating the s ustainable urban form.Alongside, the focus on the economic growth by the government and the increase in the government to promote the cities as the pivotal elements for their economic growth has actually shifted the focus from the sustainable development of the cities towards economic development resulting in a volatile urban set up that is prone to frequent changes and cannot accommodate the primary needs of the society which is the backbone for the very existence of the city.It is also established by Mike Jenks et al (1) that the current city life is more focused upon the technological developments leaving behind the cultural importance for the city. For example the Uneven Population Density and Sprawl and the Functional Zoning mentioned by Hildebrand Frey (2) justify that the current city life is more focused upon the development with respect to the changes in the technology and the global business rather than focusing on the development from the cultural perspective which is ess ential for the sustained development of the city life. The arguments that the city life in the present situation is predominantly focusing on the material needs of the society without laying emphasis upon the rational and ethical elements that are specific to the given geographical location (1) (2) further makes the city life a unwise choice for the general public thus deteriorating the city of its residents.2.2 Definition of Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development is the most widely used term in this report and also in the analysis of urban form and environmental development. Thawed definition as mentioned by Mike Jenks (1) on sustainable development is a development which is capable of meeting todays needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This definition is exactly similar to the definition of the government towards sustainable development (3) that defines sustainable development as Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.This makes it clear that the urban development should not only focus upon the development with respect to the growth in the technology and global markets but also incorporate the cultural and ethical factors that will provide room for the future generations to incorporate changes to meet their requirements. Also, it is clear that the focus on the technological development and a global perspective is necessary for achieving global position and economic development but still the emphasis on the development without compromising the ability for future development is essential and can be achieved only through embracing the urban development with the demographic and cultural factors with room for further development.Furthermore, the argument by the Sustainable development Unit of Government (3) that we are not even meeting the present needs on global basis is causing concern about the sustainable development o f the city. This is because of the fact that the increase in the focus of the society to accommodate to the changes in the global and technological perspective leaving behind the primary ingredient of cultural and social elements which is the backbone for sustainable development in order to help the future generations to meet their needs.Alongside, the argument of the sustainable Development Unit (3)that the increasing use of the resources and environmental systems like water, conventional sources of energy and other exhaustible natural resources cannot carry on forever since the rate at which they are replenished in the by nature is extremely lower to the rate at which the resources are consumed.On the other hand the definition of the Forum for the future (4) on sustainable development A dynamic process which enables all people to realise their potential and improve their quality of life in ways which simultaneously protect and enhance the Earths life support systems lays more emph asis not only upon retaining the cultural and ethical factors but also upon the self development of the people in who live in the city in order to nurture the development right from the roots rather than the peripheral development of addressing the global and economic growth in the definition of the Government.Furthermore, the phrase to enhance Earths life support systems in the definition further justifies that the urban development is sustainable only when the emphasis is provided to preserving the natural resources. The approach to Remaking Barnsley (5) the 21st century Market Town where the council is actually rethinking the entire Barnsley process in order to provide a sustainable world-class place for the future generations taking into account the cultural and social background of Barnsley is in line with the aforementioned definition of the Forum for the Future (4).Furthermore, the arguments by Mike Jenks (1) and Hildebrand Frey (2)that a sustainable development is achievabl e only when the development of the urban areas reflect upon the global and economic growth embracing the primary element of preserving the natural resources as well as emphasising on the cultural factors of the geography. The examples on sustainable housing discussed in the text (1) (2) justify this argument.2.3 ConclusionThis discussion in this chapter has revealed that the current city life is actually deteriorating the natural resources and prone to changes without accommodating the need for a balance in the environment in order to gain sustainable development. Also, from the definitions of sustainable development, it is clear that the development can be achieved only when the urban development embraces the need to preserve the natural resources as well as implement changes by emphasizing upon the development of the people in the city as well as the city itself rather than addressing the changes at the peripheral level. From the above discussion it is thus established that the su stainable development of the urban form can be achieved only through the effective integration of the socio-cultural factors with the global and economic growth without depleting the natural resources.Chapter 3 Comparison the Policy ObjectivesIn this chapter a profound discussion on the policy objectives of teak government and the Forum for the Future is presented to the reader. This is then followed by the analysis of the differences in the policies and the strategies proposed by the bodies in order to identify their compatibility and the ability to measure the success. This chapter aims to familiarise the policies and objectives to the reader prior to the analysis in Part 2 of the report.3.1 Policy ObjectivesThe objectives of the UK Governments Sustainable development Unit for sustainable urban form (3) are1. Social progress, which recognises the needs of everyone (i.e.) the needs apart from the essential needs of food clothing and water like locations for public gathering and cul tural activities etc., This objective of the government was extensively deployed in the post war urban development in the 1950s and the 1960s as argued by Hildebrand Frey (2) who argues that the UK governments strive to provide a higher quality of life with better community facilities. The development plan of 1951 (1) (2) that concentrated on providing the basic communal facilities and improving the quality of the houses through housing plans by the government were concentrated upon achieving the Social progress in the cities to meet the changes in the global world. Hildebrand Frey (2) argues that the government from the initial stages of urban development was concentrating upon the two-dimensional plan of the city and did not address the physical form of the city to accommodate the future changes. Also the fact that the development was concentrating on the rapid economic development and growth in the global market rather than emphasising on the socio-cultural factors has further de pleted the sustainability of the urban form itself.2. Effective protection of the environment As mentioned in the previous chapter, the increase in the transportation especially the motorway commuters in the UK since the late twentieth century is causing very high levels of pollution that is eventually causing adverse effects on global warming making the weather hot with record-breaking temperatures which is not a healthy sign for sustainable urban form. Even though the objective of the government to protect the environment is novel, the existing set up of the urban for in the UK is causing adverse effects on the environment not only in the form of pollution of air but also upon the societal factors itself. The increase in the governments tendency to respond to the global changes and economic growth without encompassing the people and the development of the people (1) (2) in the city is also a major cause for hindering the sustainable urban form.3. Prudent use of natural resources T his objective of prudent use of the natural resources by the Sustainable development Unit (3) of Government mainly focuses on preserving the non-renewable sources of energy like the fossil fuels. The efficient use of water and prevention of the wastage of natural resources including water and energy also form the primary elements of this objective of the Sustainable development Unit.4. Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment This objective of the Sustainable development Unit mainly focuses upon the economic development of the city through the increased level of employment. It is worth noting that the arguments of (1) and(2) on the governments focus upon urban development through addressing economic growth and global changes rather than development of the people in the city is justified in this objective. Even though the objective focuses on higher level of employment of the people, it does not focus upon the development of the society that forms the c ity.The objectives of the Forum for the Future are discussed below1. The preservation, conservation and protection of the environment and the prudent use of natural resources This objective clearly emphasises upon the preservation of the natural resources as well as the prudent use of the resources. This statement not only emphasises upon the careful use of the natural resources but also upon the preservation of the existing resources explicitly. This is essential because of the fact that the initiative of the society to preserve the natural resources is the driving factor for the prudent use of the natural resources (4).2. The relief of poverty and the improvement of the conditions of life in socially and economically disadvantaged communities. From this objective it is clear that the Forum for the Future is not only concentrating upon the development of the city areas but mainly upon the development of the people who form the city in order to achieve sustainable development. The e xample of the Remaking Barnsley (5) where the urban development of the city was approached with the idea of preserving the socio-cultural factors as well as nurturing the development of the people in the city instead of concentrating upon the development of the urban areas with respect to the global change and meet the economic growth.3. The promotion of sustainable means of achieving economic growth and regeneration This objective mainly suggests that the economic growth in the urban form can be sustained and achieved efficiently through achieving the above two objectives which will regenerate the walk of life of the people in the city eventually contributing to the economic growth.3.2 Critical Analysis of the Policy objectivesThe major difference between the government objectives and the objectives of the Forum for the Future is the fact that the government approach to the sustainable urban form is predominantly focusing upon the economic development without focusing upon the deve lopment of the of the people in the city. This major difference in the policy objectives is the primary factor for the hindrance to the sustainable urban form in the UK. Alongside, the argument of Mike Jenks (1) that the sustainable urban form is achievable only through the development of the people in the city which is essential for the continuous growth of the society that forms the city in order to effectively achieve the sustainable urban form.Furthermore, the approach of the Forum for the Future in preserving the natural resources along with the prudent use of the resources emphasis more on the natural resources preservation and development from the basis of the city rather than the approach of the Sustainable development Unit of UK government to the prudent use of the natural resources without explicitly emphasising upon the preservation of the natural resources.Even though the policy objectives of the Sustainable development Unit and the Forum for the Future are different it is appreciable that both the government body as well as the charity organization are striving towards the preservation of the environment.The argument of Dr Bob Giddings (6) that the perception of the city centres as segregated areas of functional uses by the Sustainable development Unit is the major factor for the failure of the strategy to achieve sustainable development in the cities even though the policy objectives of the Sustainable development Unit strives to develop the urban areas in the UK as key elements for growth.From the objectives of the UK government Sustainable development Unit, the strategy of the government is primarily to protect the environment and increase the economic level of the urban areas to achieve sustainable development. This strategy of achieving sustainable urban form is not completely successful as argued by Dr Bob Giddings (6)since the development does not embrace the cultural values of the geography or the development of the people in the city who are the backbone for the mere existence of the city (1) (2).Even though the strategy does not focus upon the people development like its counterpart, the underlying idea of protecting the environment is easily measurable in this case since the prudent use of the natural resources for example can be accurately measured through the calculation of the use of energy resources by the general public and industries along with their classification and level of pollution. This ability to measure the strategy is the predominant factor for the implementation of the Sustainable development Unit in the UK urban form for sustainable development.On the other hand from the objectives of the Forum for the Future we can see that the strategy embraces the development of the people in the society in order to contribute to the economic development which will provide sustainable urban form since the roots of the urban form (i.e.)the people development is the focus. The development of the people in the so ciety will obviously create the awareness of protecting the environment and preserving the natural resources resulting in the prudent use.Even though the above argument justifies that the emphasis on the people development is essential for the development of the urban for from the basis in order to achieve sustainable urban for, the ability to measure the actual development of the people in the society and their contribution to preserving the natural resources is difficult to measure and only the factors mentioned in the former case can be accurately measured. This measure does not always justify the requirement thus restricting the ability to accurately measure the results of the objectives of Forum for the Future.Apart from the issues of measuring the results the inherent problem is the compatibility of the policies in the urban form in order to actually implement the strategy. Mike Jenks et al (1) argue that the practise of the urban form in many cities is not always the same as in theory and to achieve the strategy effectively is not always possible due to the inherent issue of the extent to which a specific policy incompatible to the given urban form.From the above discussions it is clear that the government objectives of the urban form are more compatible to those of Forum for the Future mainly because of the lucid form of the objectives and the easy to implement nature. This further adds the credit to the policy objectives of Sustainable development Unit (3) against the policy objectives of is counterpart.3.3 ConclusionThe discussion of the policy objectives of the government and the Forum for the Future has revealed that the sustainable urban form should preserve the environment and the natural resources. Also, the analysis on the policy objectives have revealed that the objectives are achievable only through the prudent use of the resources and the development of the people in the city than focusing only upon the economic development and addressing to global changes. Furthermore, the arguments on the compatibility and the analysis of the strategy have revealed that the Sustainable development Unit (3) of the UK government policy is more compatible than that of the Forum for the Future.Part 2 The Compact CityChapter 4 The Compact CityIn this chapter, a discussion on the concept of the compact city is presented to the reader. The chapter commences with the definition of the compact city followed by the discussion on the various aspects associated with the compact city concept.4.1 Definition of Compact CityMike Jenks et al (1) define the compact city as a freestanding urban settlement and defined as embracing one or all of three categories high density, a mixed-use city and an intensified city. This definition is obviously presented from an academic background and hence in the practical life the definition of the Compact city drills down to a city that has environmental and energy advantages and social benefits (2), which emphasise s on the preservation of the natural resources and emphasises on the development of the people.From the above definition it is clear that in order to achieve the policy objectives discussed in the previous chapter a model of the Compact city will be helpful to achieve the goal of sustainable urban form.Apart from the above argument, the compact city of the urban form as described by (1) (2) focus upon the idea of integrated development(i.e.) achieving development in all spheres of the social and personal life of the people in the city in order to gain sustainable urban form. The major advantages of establishing the compact city include the easy accessibility to facilities, reduced need for travel, health and social interaction as argued by Mike Jenks et al (1).The highlights of the compact city as argued by (1) (2) are discussed here with examples from case studies and reports on urban development and sustainable urban form.4.2 IntensificationIntensification as mentioned by (2) in t he light of a compact is mainly concerned with the increased usage of the existing landscape in the geographical area that constitutes the city judiciously. The above statement means not only the extensive use pdf the land for housing development but mainly to utilise the space to achieve self-sufficiency to a certain level. The concept of urban intensification as argued by Mike Jenks et al (7) (1) argue that the intensification in terms of the urban development and achieving sustainability is by implementing the intensification in terms of both the usage of the urban space and in terms of the activity levels. The two categories of the intensifications described by Mike Jenks et al (1) is mentioned belowIntensification of built formIn this category of urban form, the focus is on the development of the previously undeveloped locations of the city in order to maintain balance in the entire city (i.e.) a balance in the level of the growth and the social development of the people, which is discussed in chapter6. This also includes the development of the existing buildings in the city in order to intensify their use and increase the activity level of the people through the effective use of the buildings and sites in the city.The case of the Barnsley development (5) where the recreation of the city as a twenty first century town is primarily focused upon establishing the town (i.e.) city centre of the urban form as the pivotal form for interaction with its surrounding villages, and other localities for intensifying the use of the urban space and interaction between the city with the surroundings in order to establish a balance in the urban form. The above statement makes it clear that the intensification of the built form in the compact city approach to the sustainable urban form is not only through the development of the city as an entity but through the intensification of the usage of the so developed space with the surroundings in order to increase the intensity of the urban development so as to gain sustainability.Intensification of ActivityKatie Williams (8) argues that the intensification of the built form can be sustained in order to gain the sustainable urban form only through the intensification of the activity levels that contribute tithe intensification of the usage of the urban space thus increasing the interaction of the city with its surroundings. In the example of their making of the Barnsley (5) itself, the clear cut definition of each element of the entire urban form and the role of the entities so defined in the overall urban process makes it clear that only through intensifying the activity levels, the compact city initiative can be palpable to gain sustainable urban form.Even though the above arguments support that the intensification of the urban space and activity in a compact city will increase the level of sustainability of the urban form, the argument by Dr Bob Giddings (6)that the urban intensification will not only i ncrease the interaction but also increase the need for rapid development and quick response to changes which will uproot the basic conception of achieving development of the people and sustainable urban form which are the essential elements for the compact city.The fact that the uncontrolled urban intensification will increase not only increase the interaction among the participants in the urban form but also affect the stability of the urban form because of the quick response of the participants to address economic changes and gain growth which will not only increase the use of natural resources but also increase the threat of social inequality. The arguments on acceptable urban intensification (1) justify the above arguments.4.3 Mixed UseThe idea of mixed use in the compact city argued by Hildebrand Frey (2)focuses upon a more decentralised approach to the urban use as opposed the case of intensification where the compact city concept was primarily revolving around the town centre of the city making it a more centralised approach. In this approach, Hildebrand Frey (2) decentralised manner of organizing the urban form and encouraging the various participants of the urban form to interact not only as specific entities to the city but among themselves in order to achieve increased level of self-sufficiency.The example of the Chinese cities with own farm belts in the cities in order to meet their agriculture requirements so as to be self-sufficient justifies the above argument. Alongside, one should understand the fact that the intensification of the urban form apparently loses the importance for preserving the natural resources and mainly for the prudent use of the resources in order to gain sustainable urban form. In the mixed approach the deployment of the farm strips in the city itself making city farming as a rural occupation not only increase the self-sufficiency level of the city in terms of food but also help in the preservation of natural resources main ly preventing soil erosion and increasing the rain fall thus preventing depletion of water in the city areas.The above scenario not only stands for the establishment of specific strips of the urban space for farming but mainly to encourage the residents to involve in house farming by growing vegetables in their own gardens. The increase in the price of vegetables during the 1970s saw the increase in the house farming in the urban areas, which further strengthens the mixed approach to the compact city.Even though the above arguments justify that urban farming will not only increase the self-sufficiency level but also reduce pollution and help preserve the natural resources, cities like London in the Cannot actually accommodate this approach mainly because of the tremendous increase in the industries and global businesses in the city. The arguments of Hildebrand Frey (2) that the city farming is becoming remote because of the very approach to the agriculture in itself.The fact that ag riculture itself is treated as an industry and the increase in the demand for quality products across the cities in the UK has truly isolated the farming and green wedges in the busy cities like London, Manchester and Birmingham in the UK. The Urban Regeneration assessment of Keynote Plc. (9) further argues that even though the actual presence of the city farming is obsolete in most of the cities by virtue of the development, the initiative of the city councils and the government to maintain the green strips either artificial or natural in the city areas will help reduce the pollution in the city atmosphere.Apart from the farming element in the mixed approach to the compact city, the essential ingredient that increases the sustainability of the urban form in the mixed approach is that the interaction is not only in controlled manner but the activity levels of the people and there sources in the mixed form of the compact city are put to optimal use. The increase in the growth of the business parks surrounding the natural locations not only increases the interaction of the city but also mainly increases the sustainability and reduces the level of pollution due to the presence of the green wedges (either artificial or natural) in the city.The above arguments on the mixed use in the context of the compact city still poses a question of whether it is achievable mainly because of the fact that the approach of either urban intensification or the mixed-use is pertained to the extent of the availability of resources and above all the involvement of the aut

Life And Health Insurance In Malaysia Economics Essay

Life And Health Insurance In Malaysia Economics EssayINTRODUCTION intrust Negara Malaysia (BNM) took over the supervision of the indemnification perseverance in 1988. The primary reason for the move was to enable an integ layd approach in the regulation and supervision of view(ip) financial institutions, in view of the growing convergence of crossholdings and integration of pursuals between banks and redress companies. The sparing milieu may fuck off a profound event on the egression of the amends industry.In Malaysia, the death penalty of the policy policy industry in 1998 was affected by an economic downturn. The total and non- spiritedness premium income declined by 2.1% and 9.7% one by one whereas the liveness story-time premium income experienced a lower positive growth tread of 4.6% in 1998 (1997 13.5%) (BNM, 1999-2000). In line with the sustained economic recovery, the living-time insurance industry rebounded strongly to register an impressive double-digit premium growth in 1999, soaring well above pre-crisis levels.The performance of the insurance industry showed an improvement in 1999 following the recovery of the Malaysian rescue. The combined premium income of the insurance industry recorded a growth of 8.5% (1998 -2.1%) to reach RM11,829.9 million (1998 RM10,902.9 million). The emotional state sector has been the major(ip) contributor accounting for RM7,152.7 million (1998 RM6,217.2 million) or 60.5% of the premium income, while the remaining balance of RM4,677.2 million (1998 RM4,685.7 million) delineate premium income generated from the general sector. Premium income of the industry as a proportion of nominal gross national product (gross national product) increased to 4.2% in 1999, compared with 4.1% in 1998.BACKGROUND OF RESEARCHIn Malaysia, BNM yearly breed that been issued one-year regularly indicate policies and development of insurance market in Malaysia. to implement policies and measures to prepare the industry for the challenges posed by the new requirements of the new economy and the much and more more liberalised market environment. Several measures were initiated directed at improving market penetration through the promotion of new life insurance products and in prescribe to do that the process of formulating and identifying strategies pauperization to be done to upgrade the marketing channel for life insurance business so that it can procure the coveted penetration level and raking in all the advant get on withs given by positive economic environment. In ensnare to do that, first step that need to be taken is to identify which macroeconomic in accordants that in reality positively significant to the study of life and wellness insurance market and from at that place on best expression and strategies can be initiated to create accurate end on the demand of life and health insurance market. Efforts were excessively made by Bank Negara Malaysia to enhance the discipline and standards of conduct amongst life insurer in Malaysia.Problem StatementStatistical entropy from BNM has shown that due to economic downturn in 1998, the performance of insurance industry in Malaysia reportedly experienced negative growth of -2.1%. Generally, it shows that economic environment may possibly hold back direct influence on the performance of insurance industry in Malaysia as a whole. The combined premium income of the insurance industry recorded a growth of 8.5% in 1999 following the economic recovery posture.The life and health sector has been the major contributor accounting for RM7,152.7 million or 60.5% of the premium income, while the remaining balance of RM4,677.2 million represented premium income generated from the general sector. However, despite the vast potential for growth given the relatively low market penetration in Malaysia, domestic premium income to GNP was comparatively lower than that observed in more saturated markets.This research need to done so that it can specifically identified which macroeconomic variables that really burden the growth of life and health sector in Malaysia in order to ensure that it can contribute clearly to maturation pricing strategies to achieve a specific sales target for life and health business. Macroeconomics is the study of the behavior of the overall economy and economic models normally consist of variables such as real GDP, puffiness, price and population absorption. This study attempts to dig into the relationship between macroeconomic variable to performance and demand of life and health insurance industry in Malaysia by using the LS analysis to prove that certain key macroeconomic environment may have a profound and significant effect on the growth of the life and health insurance market.As in the context of Malaysia, few studies has been carried out to seek evidence of the relationship between macroeconomic variables and performance of life insurance industry from Malaysia perspectiv e but various studies comes out with various results as they are using antithetic period of data and did non include health insurance data like this research and also holds different and various macroeconomic variable. Study by Lim and Haberman (2002) indicate major findings of this study that the nest egg deposits rate and price change in insurance are two important macroeconomic variables associated with the demand for life insurance in Malaysia. Study conducted by Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) indicate that income has a positive relationship with life insurance demand. Life insurance brings more affordable when income increases. They examine two types of income variable in their study, namely GDP and income per capita. Income per capita is defined as the GDP divided by the size of the population but on the other hand, their finding also show an insignificant positive relationship between inflation rates and the performance of life insurance.Economists use these type of data and va riables to measure the performance of an economy and the focus on macroeconomic variables in this paper are, price of the life and health insurance product, inflation rates, income per capita and population density. This study is to further examined the direct gene linkage between these economic environments and whether each one of key variables (price of the life and health insurance product, inflation rates, income per capita and population density) has direct influence on the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Research objectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the extend to of various macroeconomic variables towards performance of life and health insurance market in Malaysia.. The specific aims of this study areTo determine which various macroeconomic variables that might have influence on the performance of life and health insurance market in MalaysiaTo examine the relationship of each macroeconomic variables ie price of the product, income per capita, inflation rates and population density with the performance of life and health insurance market in MalaysiaTo identify which macroeconomic variables that influence the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia the most.To suggest the most fitted and appropriate strategies that can be use to improve the performance of life and health insurance market in Malaysia by using all the advantages given by positive economic environmentResearch QuestionHow to determine which macroeconomic variables that influence the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia?Is on that point any relationship between each macroeconomic variables ie price of the product, income per capita, inflation rates and population density with the performance of life and health insurance market in MalaysiaWhich macroeconomic variables that influence the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia the most?What are the most suitable strategies that can be suggested to improve the performanc e of life and health insurance market in Malaysia by using all the advantages given by positive economic environment?Significance of Research/ Contribution to the body of knowledgeThere is no unique and integrated theory for life insurance demand. Research on the impact of macroeconomic variables towards performance of life and health insurance industry in Malaysia very scanty at best. Very little (if at all) is understood approximately the. urgent need for research focusing on the Malaysian industry and the Malaysian economic environment, which is unfamiliar to most readers. Hence, important impetuses for this research are established.1. The establishmentThis research is important for the government to formulate policies, acts and regulations for the improvement on the best strategies available in a suitable economic environment in order to develop and guide healthy demand on the insurance industry as a whole.2. The University/ AcademicianThis study will be use for arouseence a nd information for the students and academician who learn on insurance area, risk management or other related fields. Students and lecturers can have an extra knowledge on information provided by the researcher.3. Management team of Life insurer in MalaysiaThis research is important for the management team Life Office especially if changes or corrective actions are required due to the changes in various economic environments occur in Malaysia or globally. Hopefully, this research can help the management team of Life insurer in Malaysia able to implement and generate new strategies with regard to the suitable current economic environment.4. General PublicPublic essential know the factors that influence their purchase decision of life and health policy offered in the market. Besides, they also need to be alert and aware on the reportage offered by Life insurer in Malaysia. This research will help them to really identify the needs to buy life and health product and at that place is a lso a growing awareness among Malaysians of individual responsibility in financial planning hence it directly will affect the demand of the state industry.5. The ResearcherBy completing this research, the researcher has experienced and being exposed to view the economics side on the insurance industry as a whole and specifically on life and health sector which the researcher have never attempt before. It is a researcher attempt to view as a macroeconomists attempt in order to explain the economic side of this sector and to devise policies to improve its performance as economists use different models to examine different issues. Thus, other researcher might need the information to make their research in the time to come.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWThe performance for insurance is influenced by many factors and economic factors might be one of them. For example, inflation rate, income per capita and price of the product may affect the performance for insurance in a country. A number of studies have examined the effects of macroeconomic factors on the performance for life and health insurance. Among them are the studies conducted by Cargill and Troxel (1979), Babbel (1985), Browne and Kim (1993), Outreville (1996) and Rubayah and Zaidi (2000). The macroeconomic factors investigated in these studies are highlighted and discussed in brief below.Financial Development.The findings of Outreville (1996) indicate that the level of financial development directly affects the development of life insurance sector. However, the findings are not statistically significant. both different proxies have been apply as a measurement for financial development. The first one is the ratio of quasi-money (M2-M1) to broad money (M2). This is an indicator for the complexity of financial structure. The secondment one is the broad definition of money (M2). It is an average value over four years. M2 is regarded as an adequate measure for the financial development in developing countries b ecause banking is the predominant sector in the financial market of developing countries.Income.Lewis (1989), Hakansson (1969), Fischer (1973), Fortune (1973), and Campbell (1980) have shown that the demand for life insurance is positively correlated with income. As income increases, life insurance becomes more affordable. In addition, the need for life insurance increases with income as it protects dependents against the loss of expected future tense income due to premature death of the wage earner. gibe to prior research (Beenstock, Dickinson, and Khajuria (1986), Browne and Kim (1993), Outreville (1996) the ability to pay insurance premium has been argued to be related to the level of income. This is because, when there is an increase of income levels, there follows a need for a financial instrument to absorb the individuals surplus funds and to enable them to accumulate wealth. This shows the income level significantly affects the demand for life insurance.Two different measur es have been used for disposable personal income in the study of Babbel (1985). The single-year income is used as a proxy for human capital and the three-year moving average income is used as a proxy for permanent income. The income variables are the real amounts of aggregate disposable personal income. The nominal income values are deflated by the yearly average indices of personal consumption expenditure deflator to render the nominal values in constant dollar terms..The conclusion from Cargill and Troxel (1979), Babbel (1985), Browne and Kim (1993), Outreville (1996) and Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) verified that life insurance demand has a positive relationship with income. It shows when income increase, it can create more opportunity the life insurance becomes more affordable for people.In the study of Browne and Kim (1993), disposable personal income refers to the national income. It is defined as when the depreciation (capital consumption) and indirect business taxes have been ta ken away from GNP. National income is a more accurate measurement of disposable personal income for a country than GNP or GDP because national income is the income earned by the various production factors it is refer to Browne and Kim (1993). Meanwhile, Outreville (1996) relates the income variable in his study as the real disposable income per capita. GDP is used as the basis for the disposable personal income. The income variable is convey in linear form and in logarithmic form.On the other hand, Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) identified GDP and income per capita have been the two types of income variable in their study. Income per capita is defined as the GDP divided by the size of the population. In the initial stage, both the GDP and income per capita are found to have a positive relationship with the demand for life insurance but are not significant. It is only when stepwise regression analysis is applied in the later stage that GDP appears to have a significant positive relationsh ip with the demand for life insurance but income per capita has been aborted. This is because income per capita contains the element of GDP and therefore multicollinearity exists because the two income variables are highly correlated.Inflation.If income has a positive relationship with demand for life insurance, it is different when Browne and Kim (1993) and Outreville (1996) did their research to find relationship for inflation. From their research, it shows that inflation has a significant negative relationship with life insurance demand. Inflation gives a diminishing effect on the amount of insurance purchased in a country. Consequently, it makes the value of life insurance eroded. As the result, it leads to the situation where insurance become less desirable good. High inflation tends to cause the buying of life insurance to be less attractive because of the rising bell of living.Meanwhile, Cargill and Troxel (1979) and Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) have revealed different result. T heir findings are not in line with the findings of Browne and Kim (1993) and Outreville (1996). Measured up to between these two research, it has found Cargill and Troxel (1979) comparatively defined savings model (i.e. the model that takes into account the changes in policy loans besides the changes in life insurance reserves/savings and dividend accumulations) produce a significant result with the expected negative sign for this variable. It shows a week relationship between life insurance savings and price expectation. Meanwhile different with the findings of Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) it shows between inflation rates and the demand for life insurance has a significant positive relationshipAn average inflation rate for the last eight years, Browne and Kim (1993) has used an average inflation to represent the expected inflation rate. Meanwhile, Outreville (1996) uses a weighted average of realised price changes over the last five years as a measure of anticipated price change. There fore, in Cargill and Troxel (1979) the price expectation in the study refers to the percentage changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over a period of 14 months. Moreover, Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) used in the same way apply the CPI as a basis for the anticipated rate of inflation in their study.A part from the research, in Cargill and Troxel (1979) the price expectation in the study refers to the percentage changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over a period of 14 months based on the data contained in the Livingston Survey that have been revised by Carlson. Similarly, Rubayah and Zaidi (2000) use the CPI as a basis for the anticipated rate of inflation in their study.Interest Rate.The findings on the relationship between concern rates and the demand for life insurance are questionable.Cargill and Troxel (1979) examine two kinds of involvement rates in their study the competing surrender on other savings products and the recollect earned by life insurers. The findings on t he competing yield are inconsistent. However, the competing yield tends to be negatively related to life insurance savings. A higher interest rate on alternative savings products tends to cause insurance products to become less attractive as a savings instrument. The yield on newly issued AAA utility bonds is used to represent all the competing rates of repossess on alternative savings products. Cargill and Troxel (1979) include the current and twelve-quarter distributed lag variables of competing yields in their study. The lag variables are included to reflect the delayed reactions of savers towards new information regarding interest rates on savings because changes in interest rates are assumed to produce a lagged response. Likewise, the findings on the return earned by life insurers are mixed. However, the return earned by life insurers is frequently positively related to life insurance savings. Life insurers earning a higher rate of return tend to attract individuals to purchas e insurance from them. The yield on industrial bonds placed privately with a representative group of life insurance companies is used as a proxy for the return earned by life insurers. It is the new money rate of return earned by the life insurers, not the average rate of return on the invested funds. Similar to the competing yield, the current and twelve-quarter distributed lags of the return earned by life insurers are included in the models to investigate the spry and lagged responses of changes in interest rates on life insurance demand.Outreville (1996) has shown that the demand for life insurance has not determined by the interest rate such as the real interest rate and the lending rate. The real interest rate is observeed by subtracting the anticipated inflation from the current bank discount rate. For the meantime, there are three types of interest rated, which are the personal savings rate, short-term interest and current interest rate has been identified by Rubayah and Z aidi (2000)The personal savings rate and short-term interest rate are found to influence significantly and negatively the demand for life insurance, despite the fact that the current interest rate is found to have no significant effect on life insurance demand. The personal savings rate refers to the interest rate offered by banks on normal savings, the short-term interest rate refers to the interest rate on three-month Treasury Bills, and the current interest rate refers to the base lending rate on bank borrowings.Price of Insurance.From Babble (1985) and Browne and Kim (1993), the findings reported with respect to the effect of price on the demand for life insurance are consistent in the both studies. The price of insurance is significantly and inversely related to the demand for life insurance. A high insurance cost tends to discourage the purchasing of life insurance.The various insurance price indices in the study of Babbel (1985) are the net present cost per 1000 present-value d unit of insurance expected to be in force over any arbitrary time horizon selected based on the published policy values for a male of age 35. Specifically, the price index refers to the ratio of the present value of expected premium cost, net of dividends and accumulations of cash values, per 1000 present-valued unit of indemnification benefits expected to be received, in excess of the actuarially fair cost. Two different discount rates, namely the yields of 10-year prime grade municipal bonds and double-A-rated corporate bonds, are used to discount the expected future cash flows from the policies.Browne and Kim (1993) use the policy loading charge as the price measure. It is the ratio of the life insurance premiums to the amount of insurance in force. In fact, it is the cost per dollar of life insurance coverage.Theoretical FrameworkIN restricted VIARABLES (IV)Income per CapitaPerformance of Life and Health Insurance in MalaysiaPrice of the Product DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV)Inflatio n RatesPopulation DensityFigure 1.6.1 Theoretical FrameworkSources Adapted from Shimp, T.A (2003) Pitta, et. Al. (2006) Rowley, (1998) Ndubisi, N.O., and Chew, (2006)HypothesesHo Income per Capita is not significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.H1 Income per Capita is significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Ho Price of the Product is not significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.H1 Price of the Product is significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Ho Inflation rates is not significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.H1 Inflation rates is significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Ho Population density is not significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.H1 Population density is significantly related with the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYAll data in this study are secondary in nature. Secondary data is used in finding the resources for this study. Secondary data are statistic not gathered for the agile study at hand, but for some other purpose. The data related to the demand for life insurance are obtained from the following annual reports the Annual Report of the Insurance Commissioner and the Annual Report of the Director General of Insurance.The researcher has gathered the external information from various types of annualreports Monthly Statistical Bulletin, Economic Report, Annual Insurance Report of the Bank Negara Malaysia. Materials obtained online are gathered from the official websites of BNM and Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). Besides, the sources like books, newspapers, journals and internet that were relevant to the research topic were used. All the sources have been referred throughout the findings and analys is of the research. Researcher will analyze the data gathered to proof the evidence that various macroeconomic factors influenced the growth and performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia.Scope of the studyBasically the scope of this study focuses on the macroeconomic variables ie income per capita, inflation rates, price of the product and population density that effect the performance of life and health insurance in Malaysia. There are lots of other macroeconomic variables that can be contributed to the economic growth of Malaysia but this research shall only involved four key factor as for the remaining balance of variables can be included in the future studies as an extension from this research.The research area for this study is from Malaysia perspective only and the time frame shall be from 1998 to 2008 only.Data AnalysisE Views version 6.0 applications were used by the researcher to analyze the data that have been gathered throughout the research process. The data n eed to be analyzed in order to obtain accurate answer for the question. The Multiple Regression Model will be used to predict the relationships in the construct. The Regression assumptions with respect to autocorrelation (independent of residual), normality (residual is normally distributed), homoscedasticity of shift terms, multicollinearity of independent variables will be verified before making any interpretation of the statistical results.

Partytime Equals a Lifetime - Original Writing :: Papers

Partytime Equals a Lifetime - Original Writing Tears roll down my cheeks as I lay staring at my bedroom ceiling. Memories of the previous week, restrained haunting me. The distorted image of his face appearing everytime I close my eyes, the smell of his schnorkel still tickles my nose, the thumping of the base still bangs in my head as I can feel the weight of his body pressing against me. Even the hairs on my arms stand to attention as I remember my 17th birthday party. The alcohol concoction that my best friend Kelly handed to me from my dads overtowering cupboard burn down my throat as I swallowed The taste of the sharp, acidic solution that created this burning sensation, that I know believe was whisky passed my lips more times than I remember. Everything and so turned hazy My stomach began to churn. Colours blurred. The room began to spin. The music became one humongous buzz. I stumbled to the stairs. Slumped on the stairs, head in my hands I s truggled to breathe. A tall dark shadow was then cast over me. Confused, I slowly raised my head. Twinkling in the light the figures belt buckle roiling my eyes. Blinking to refocus, a bright white shirt caught my eye, blending perfectly with the figures pale skin. Two dark brown eyes stared right at me uniform needles piercing my skin. Immediately I became agitated and rose to my feet. The room began to spin again My breathing shuddering as the contents of my stomach was churning like a boiling cauldron. Loosing my balance I fell forward. The figure reached out and prevented me from hitting the floor, at the time I was so appreciative I retributory wish I had fallen now. A couple of bruises would be nothing compared to the torture Im suffering from now After not receiving any bruises but still in the strangers arms, my feet left the floor. Quite relieved to not have to try and balance anymore I didnt think to complain. I just gently floated upstai rs and

Future Solutions to HIV AIDS :: Biology Disease

Introduction to human immunodeficiency virusWhat is human immunodeficiency virus?First Things First What is HIV? The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the most equivocal viruses that the medical world has to experience. We use the word evasive because HIV targets the CD4 cells (T-helper cells), which are the exact cells that are employ to protect your body against diseases. one time HIV enters the body, it bequeath infect the CD4 cells and initiate to use those cells as its own HIV factory. HIV will therefore begin to destroy your immune system leaving you pliable to opportunistic diseases.HIV targets your immune system...What does HIV infect and how? HIV affects your immune system. Your immune system evict be thought of as your bodys defense business concern In which, you have millions of soldiers (T-helper cells) helping you ward off almost all unusual invaders. Now, it is important to note that just like in a army defense air travel, your body also has diffe rent levels of protection.Introduction to HIV Cont.Your scrape is the for the first time line of defense... First line of defense the skino Your skin is an amazing organ, which helps you ward off invaders from the outside. Special cells called Dendritic cells and macrophages are white line cells that try to fight off infection forrader it becomes a major problem.T-Cells of the humoral immune response are the second line of defense... Second line of defense T-Cellso Once a virus has invaded the body, T-Cells (CD4 cells) relay signals to the rest of the immune system, which causes the immune system to activate by sending out the reinforcements. TheseT-killer cells (CD8 cells) do exactly what the name suggests, they kill almost any foreign invader, through apoptosis or programmed cell death.Other CD4 activated cells are part of your bodys line of defenses... Other Cells activated by CD4 Cellso B-Cells- Once activated, B-cells / Plasma cells begin producing antibodies against a viru so Natural Killer Cells (NK)- Help your body by destroying infected cells Introduction to HIV Cont.All viruses moldiness be able to bind to a cell in order to enter it. In the object lesson of HIV, the virus has a cell membrane with introduce viral proteins that enables it to do so, but this works only when it binds with two specific receptors. One is called the main receptor, and the different a coreceptor. There are two types of HIV M-tropic and T-tropic. The M-tropic variant targets macrophages while the T-tropic variant targets the T cells.Future Solutions to HIV AIDS Biology DiseaseIntroduction to HIVWhat is HIV?First Things First What is HIV? The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the most evasive viruses that the medical world has to experience. We use the word evasive because HIV targets the CD4 cells (T-helper cells), which are the exact cells that are used to protect your body against diseases. Once HIV enters the body, it will infect the CD4 cells and begi n to use those cells as its own HIV factory. HIV will therefore begin to destroy your immune system leaving you susceptible to opportunistic diseases.HIV targets your immune system...What does HIV infect and how? HIV affects your immune system. Your immune system can be thought of as your bodys defense line In which, you have millions of soldiers (T-helper cells) helping you ward off almost any foreign invaders. Now, it is important to note that just like in a army defense line, your body also has different levels of protection.Introduction to HIV Cont.Your skin is the first line of defense... First line of defense the skino Your skin is an amazing organ, which helps you ward off invaders from the outside. Special cells called Dendritic cells and macrophages are white blood cells that try to fight off infection before it becomes a major problem.T-Cells of the humoral immune response are the second line of defense... Second line of defense T-Cellso Once a virus has invaded the body, T-Cells (CD4 cells) relay signals to the rest of the immune system, which causes the immune system to activate by sending out the reinforcements. TheseT-killer cells (CD8 cells) do exactly what the name suggests, they kill almost any foreign invader, through apoptosis or programmed cell death.Other CD4 activated cells are part of your bodys line of defenses... Other Cells activated by CD4 Cellso B-Cells- Once activated, B-cells / Plasma cells begin producing antibodies against a viruso Natural Killer Cells (NK)- Help your body by destroying infected cells Introduction to HIV Cont.All viruses must be able to bind to a cell in order to enter it. In the case of HIV, the virus has a cell membrane with embedded viral proteins that enables it to do so, but this works only when it binds with two specific receptors. One is called the main receptor, and the other a coreceptor. There are two types of HIV M-tropic and T-tropic. The M-tropic variant targets macrophages while the T-tropic varian t targets the T cells.

The Death Penalty Is Needed In Our Uncivilized Society :: Pro Capital Punishment Essays

IntroductionCapital penalization is the most severe form of corporal punishment as it requires fairness enforcement officers to use up the offender. It has been banned in many countries, in the United States, an earlier move to eliminate capital punishment has now been reversed and more than and more states are resorting to capital punishment for serious offenses such as murder. An Eye for and eye, a life for a life, who has never heard of the famous lex talionis? The Bible mentions it, and nation have been using it regularly for centuries. We use it in reference to burglary, adultery, love and many other situations. However, some people use it on a diametrical level, some people use it in reference to death. One steals from those who have stolen from him, one wrongs those who have wronged him, but do we really have the right to kill those who have killed. Today, there is a big controversy over capital punishment whether or not it works, or if it is morally right. We have a au thorized privilege on our own lives, but do the lives of others belong to us as well? Do we have the right to decide the kind of lives others butt joint or cannot live? We find someone guilty of murder and sentence him to death, does that not make murderers out of ourselves? Can justice justify our acts? Those who assist in the death penalty are they not partners in crime? Is the death penalty a Cruel and Unusual punishment or is it now a necessary tool in the war on crime? With the increase in crime and violence in our society, how does the death penalty affect a North American family. History of the Death PenaltyUse of the death penalty has declined throughout the industrial Western World since the 19th century. In 1972, presence in America to have the death penalty declared unconstitutional during the landmark case of Furman v. Georgia, which declared the death penalty cruel and unusual punishment. However, subsequently a supreme court decision in 1975, Gregg v. Georgia, which stated capital punishment did not violate the eighth Amendment, executions commenced again under state supervision. (Van der Haag, 1975, 3-4)The delveDeterrenceThere are four major issues in the capital punishment debate, the first being deterrence. A major purpose of criminal punishment is to deter future criminal conduct. The deterrence theory suggests that a rational person will avoid criminal behavior if the severity of the punishment preponderate the benefits of the illegal conduct.

Ted Hughes’ Ideas about Poetry :: Ted Hughes The Jaguar The Thought Fox Essays

Ted Hughes Ideas about PoetryTed Hughes, was born in 1939 and died in 1989, he wrote two poems, TheJaguar and The Thought-Fox. These be the poems that I am discussingin my essay and also what his ideas argon on the poems. He alsospecialises in nature poems and these are what we have also beenstudying.The Thought-Fox is quite a different poem. It wasnt written about thefox it was written about him writing about the fox (confusing IKnow). The Jaguar on the another(prenominal) hand, was about the animal and itwas describing the animal, can you tell the difference and how helikes to differ his poems You dont have to irritation about commas orfull stops or that sort of thing to Ted punctuation is not important,but the senses are Just look at it, wraith it, smell it, listen toit, turn yourself into it as he believes senses are there to helpyou. If you write a poem completely different to another poet and youare worried about your work,/ Ted believes that you should not manageabout wh at other people have written it is your own work that mattersand how you find it Do not care how other people have written aboutthis thing, this is the way you find it.With The Thought-Fox he thinks that a fox comes and walks in frontof him and sits down, so he gets this emblem in his head and it createsthings he can write down in a poem. At the start, he cannot think ofanything to write but at the send away he has created a poem. He alsobelieves that a poem and an animal are one and the same, A fox thatis both a fox and not a fox. Another quote The words have a body forit and the poem has give the fox somewhere to walk in other words thepoem has brought the fox to life.The Jaguar however, is very much different. He is actually writingabout the animal in the poem and not how he thought of what to writeabout the subject. With the structure, The Jaguar has five verses,four lines in each verse and round nine words in each line. TheThought-Fox has around the same, six verses, four l ines in each verseand about four to eight words in each verse. Alliteration, similes andmetaphors are also common in most of his poems and as I have said heuses a lot of the senses. For example A foxs nose touches and Two